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Martina says...

Foto: Mikhail V. Matz, Tamara M. Frank, N. Justin Marshall, Edith A. Widder and Sonke Johnsen

Gromia sphaerica sind übergrosse Amöben in den Tiefen der Meere und werden bis 4 Zentimeter gross. Dies ist für Einzeller geradezu gigantisch. Auch der  Bau des Organismus' ist vergleichsweise simpel. So besteht er aus 3 Hüllen, die einen Hohlraum umschliessen. Darin ist ausser einzelnen Kotpillen nichts zu finden.  Interessant sind die Poren, aus denen so genannte Scheinfüsschen ragen. Nun dienen diese aber nicht der Fortbewegung - Nein,das Ding frisst sich mit ihnen vorwärts. Indem diese Scheinfüsschen nämlich die extrem nährstoffreiche Sedimentschicht auf dem Meeresboden aufnehmen und "hinten" wieder rauslassen bewegen sie sich langsam vorwärts. Dabei hinterlassen sie eine Spur. Und genau diese Spur hat das Potential die Evolutionsgeschichte umzuschreiben. 
Foto: Mikhail V. Matz, Tamara M. Frank, N. Justin Marshall, Edith A. Widder and Sonke Johnsen

Bisher gingen die Forscher nämlich davon aus, dass erst Lebewesen ab den so genannten "Bilateria" oder "Zweiseitentieren", Mehrzeller mit genau einer Symmetrieachse eine solche Spur hinterlassen können. Und weil es Fossilien solcher Spuren aus Zeiten vor der "Kambrischen Explosion" (Zeit, in der die Bildung neuer Arten explosionsartig zunahm) gibt, glaubte man, dass spurenmachende Zweiseitentiere schon viel älter sein müssen. Wie es der Blogger Clive Thompson schön formuliert:

"But now it looks as though all those pre-Cambrian seabed trails could have been left by rolling, grape-sized ameobas. Maybe — who knows? — the Cambrian explosion happened even more psychotically quickly than we think. Maybe bilateria weren’t kicking around for millions of years later than we suspect."

Der Weg von der Amöbe zum Menschen ist kürzer geworden. 

Filed under: Evolution, Meer

Gah-sensei says...

Here's something that's been all over the internets this week. This video clip from a Japanese variety show (remember Mino Monta who I talked about on the PZ site? The Monta Method?) poses the question: What happens if you take to the streets of Osaka (where I live) and start to playfully "shoot" strangers with your finger and yell "BANG!"? How will they react? The result is surprising.
 

 
So what gives here? Why do many people in Japan (or at least in more casual Osaka) behave in such a playful manner when you point your finger at them and pull the trigger? My theory is because the very idea of being shot by a real gun on the streets (or even seeing one outside of the police) is such a foreign idea that it almost belongs in a fantasy land. People are only really aware of murder and shootings from what they read (not see or hear first or second hand) or see in Hollywood movies or on foreign cable news such as CNN or BBC, etc. Because handguns and shootings are in the realm of computer games and movies only in Japan, perhaps this is why people can still play around with the idea of shootings and other street crime. It truly does feel like "make believe" like when you were a kid "playing army" in the park. To be sure, street crime does happen in Japan, but compared to almost any place else in the world, violent crime is just not something people are exposed to on a regular basis. This week, for example, a college student busted for having a marijuana joint actually made front page news!
 
Japan has one of the lowest -- if not *the* lowest -- homicide rates of any developed nation. Homicide-by-firearm is even lower; *extremely* rare. Gun ownership is not high in Japan (though there are some hunters and owners of guns). Interestingly, Norway has a homicide-by-firearm rate that is nearly as low as Japan, yet Norway also has very high gun ownership. I do not know this for a fact (so correct me if I am wrong), but I imagine pointing your finger at someone and pulling the fake trigger is not funny on the streets of Norway or Finland where violent street crime is low, gun ownership is relatively high, and guns are taken very seriously. In the US, even though it is an informal joke-loving culture for the most part, I still can't imagine trying this on the streets. Nothing good could come of it.
 
Below: I snapped this photo of my former student today in Osaka on my iPhone (Bang!)