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kellydna says...

         

On June 23, 1930, my schoolteacher grandmother and three girlfriends set out on a road trip in a car named Hamgravy. They left from Janesville, Wisconsin, and spent two months driving around, with Grandma keeping meticulous records in a trip journal the entire time. There is an accompanying photo album.

They took a southerly route through Iowa, Nebraska, Colorado (Denver), Utah (Salt Lake City), Nevada (Las Vegas), dipped into Mexico, then made their way up the coast of California, through Oregon, Washington, up to Canada (Banff, Alberta), down through Montana to Wyoming, where they turned east and headed across South Dakota and Iowa home to Wisconsin. According to statistics noted in the journal, they traveled for 62 days, 9969 miles (50 of which were apparently on ferries), visited 133 towns, and spent a total of $271.04 which worked out to 1-1/2 cents per mile. My grandmother’s record-keeping was meticulous.

“Lena and I met the girls, Edna and Irene, at Janesville this a.m. and we were finally off at 10:30. At 11:15 our most able pilot, Hamgravy, decided to have a flat tire. The man in the Ford garage was the first to inquire if we had a couple of guns with us. At Dixon we saw a statue of Black Hawk on the banks of the Rock River. At 4:30 we crossed the Mississippi River. Landed in De Witt at 6 and had a chicken dinner for 50¢. Traveled 166 miles. Temp. 93.5°.”

It looks like the four girls went in together on the cost of buying the car, and had it freshly painted for the journey. There were eight flat tires altogether. They apparently were not opposed to flirting a little with people they met on the way. “We stopped at Loveland [Colorado] for gas and Lena promised the service man some Schlitz beer next time we come. “ Otherwise, the car was dependable. “Yesterday we saw cars towed through the mud and today they were towed through sand in the desert. Found some awful detours but our Ford rambled right along while other cars were standing still. If Hamgravy only knew! “

It does seem like my grandmother was kind of the captain of things: “We are driving along the Great Divide and can see many snow-capped mountains … Irene gave up driving at Twin Lakes when a fellow told us we still had 30 miles of mountain driving to Aspen. So Hamgravy and I are taking the rest over the mountains by way of Independence Pass — an elevation of 12,200 feet. Lost a bit of my courage but got up the steep grades in second. It’s cold up here and we had our pictures taken on a snowbank. We are glad to be over and finally reached Aspen at 3 o’clock for dinner.”

Nightly accommodations were at travelers’ campsites, where the cost of various sorts of cabins and cottages was $1–$3. On at least one occasion, they drove further than they had planned, with some extra adventure and more praise for the car. “These lodges are expensive places, $14 a day, so we decided to drive 40 miles before we could afford to sleep. At the ranger station we were informed that we couldn’t go on because of forest fires but we followed four fellows to the fire and cars were taken through by forest rangers. Eleven cars went with us and Hamgravy went up the long grade to Summit Inn on high. We passed a Buick on up grade so are we ever proud of our Ford. Some exciting day! Wild bears even crossed our road. Reached cabin at 11:45. Traveled 235 miles. Tent cabin $3.”

After two months on the road, they were anxious to be finished. “We are going to make home today so are stepping on the gas all the time. ‘It’s Janesville or bust!’ We didn’t stop to eat but bought a lunch to take in car.” On August 22, my grandmother the road-weary traveler reached home in Almond, Wisconsin.

---------------------

I know there’s a book project in these materials. First, it is simply extraordinary that in 1930, these four young, single women set off on such a journey unchaperoned (well, I’m assuming it’s extraordinary). Second, it’s such a complete accounting of all aspects of the trip that it would be too bad not to share it with others. I suppose I could do the journal and photos, and intersperse history and contemporary events in appropriate places.

Remember that bit yesterday about sitting on my ass? It was back in 1993 that I typed up the handwritten journal and scanned all the photos.

Filed under: family, history, roadtrip, tweaktoday

Sabrina says...

  • Sabrina Ann Omenson, born to Gene William and Brenda Joy
  • 35th Heisman Trophy Award: Steve Owens, Oklahoma (RB) 
  • Creams' final concert (Royal Albert Hall) 
  • Lottery for Selective Service draftees bill signed by President Nixon  

Filed under: History

D says...

"It would seem in keeping, therefore, with modern public health procedure, to apply present knowledge in genetics to the prevention of avoidable birth deficiencies of hereditary and familial causation, rather than find it subsequently necessary to institute costly therapeutic and rehabilitation measures in attempts to overcome the damaging and emotionally disturbing effects of the deficiencies."

Introduction by Harold Abramson, MD
 
What are the deficiencies? Yes, that is the question. A long standing one.

Filed under: birth defects, books, genetic counseling, genetics, history, March of Dimes, medicine, New York, personal medicine

akvalley says...

Watching "Hackers" on cable last night reminded me of how much technology has changed in the past decade and a half. I realized how the movie marks it's time in history by the references to dial-up, floppy disks, active matrix displays, RISC (reduced instruction set computer) architecture, and so on.

The response to Acid Burn's new laptop was priceless: "Yo...this is 'insanely great,' it's got a 28.8 bps modem!". We have better connectivity, displays, and more processing power on mobile computing devices like smart phones, media players, GPS receivers, and satellite radio receivers,

I love and hate this movie equally. It tried so hard to make this subculture have mass appeal. But it is what it is.

Filed under: history, movies, technology

benisrael says...

Google just announced the launch of Google Dashboard yesterday on their blog. The key messages were, "to provide you with greater transparency and control over their (your) own data." Right. That's another way of telling the politicians and privacy-watchgroups, "see, we're not evil." 

Anyway, what Google Dashboard does is provide you with a summary of everything Google knows about you; search results, photos (on picasa), Google Docs, GMail, YouTube and so on. Users can review the information and interactions they have on every Google site, AND delete Google searches. What? You didn't know Google tracks your search habits? ;) Now, Google Dashboard doesn't change a thing about how Google treats and keeps your information; all it does, is make you aware of it. 

Mashable gave the best description, "Sure, it's nice to have all these in one place... Unfortunately, it's also an unpleasant reminder of just how much data you're giving out to Google."

Curious now? Peek here: http://www.google.com/dashboard/

Filed under: Archive, Google, Google Dashboard, History, Privacy, Search Engine, Search History, Social Media, Trends

Christopher says...

Part of our study guide for our Men's Christian Education Class included a discussion of the origin of the individual soul. I was intrigued by this and wrote a short review of the issue. Attached is the original document. 

Definitions:

Traducianism—The soul is propagated along with the body by natural generation. I.e., we received our souls from our parents.

Creationism—God creates each soul specially for the fœtus in utero

(Pre-existentianism—All souls existed in a previous state before birth, often coupled with the belief in a fall of humans in this spirit state before Adam in Eden. This is listed a note of historical interest. Origen [d. 254], who was the principal proponent of this view was anathematized in the Second Council of Constantinople in 553.)

A Brief History

This question has been debated since the early church. Tertullian (d. c. 220) first proposed traducianism to explain the transmission of original sin (by inheritance). Traducianism became popular in the western regions of the Church (including northern Africa) but the eastern regions of the Church held to creationism. As noted, Origen held to the preëxistence of souls, but is not widely received outside of Alexandria. Augustine (d. 430) was undecided on the issue. The Scholastics (1100-1500) all held creationism although some of the earlier Schoolmen viewed creationism as more probable but not certain. In the Reformation, Luther favoured traducianism, but Calvin espoused creationism. As covenant theology developed, the notion of inherited original sin was replaced with the concept of the federal headship of Adam acting on behalf of humanity in the covenant of works. 

Some Proponents of Each Position:

Traducians:

Tertullian d. 220
Gregory of Nyssa d. 394
Martin Luther d. 1546
Jonathan Edwards d. 1758
W. G. T. Shedd d. 1894
A. H. Strong d. 1924
Gordon Clark d. 1985

Creationists:

Hilary of Picavium d. 368
Jerome d.420 
Peter Lombard d. 1160
Thomas Aquinas d. 1274
John Calvin d. 1564
Francis Turritin d. 1687
Herman Bavinck d. 1921
Louis Berkhof d. 1957
Wayne Grudem b. 1948

Scripture References:

Cited for traducianism:

Genesis 2:2 

And on the seventh day God finished his work that he had done, and he rested on the seventh day from all his work that he had done.
Genesis 5:3 
When Adam had lived 130 years, he fathered a son in his own likeness, after his image, and named him Seth. 
John 1:13
who were born, not of blood nor of the will of the flesh nor of the will of man, but of God.
Acts 17:26
And he made from one man every nation of mankind to live on all the face of the earth, having determined allotted periods and the boundaries of their dwelling place,
Romans 1:3 
concerning his Son, who was descended from David according to the flesh
Hebrews 7:9-10 
One might even say that Levi himself, who receives tithes, paid tithes through Abraham, for he was still in the loins of his ancestor when Melchizedek met him.

Cited for creationism:

Numbers 16:22 
And they fell on their faces and said, “O God, the God of the spirits of all flesh, shall one man sin, and will you be angry with all the congregation?”
Ecclesiastes 12:7
and the dust returns to the earth as it was, and the spirit returns to God who gave it.
Isaiah 42:5
Thus says God, the Lord,
who created the heavens and stretched them out,
who spread out the earth and what comes from it,
who gives breath to the people on it
and spirit to those who walk in it:
Zechariah 12:1
The burden of the word of the Lord concerning Israel: Thus declares the Lord, who stretched out the heavens and founded the earth and formed the spirit of man within him:
Hebrews 12:9
Besides this, we have had earthly fathers who disciplined us and we respected them. Shall we not much more be subject to the Father of spirits and live?

A Brief Overview of the Debate

Arguments for traducianism:

1. God largely ceased from his creative work after the creation week, now working ordinarily through secondary causes. 

2. Explains of how original sin is transmitted without invoking God directly creating souls for evil.

Rebuttals against traducianism:

1. Regeneration is a new creative process which does not depend on secondary causes

2. The imputation original sin does not require the inheritance model of transmillion.

Objections to traducianism:

1. It is against the philosophical doctrine of the simplexity of the soul. To avoid arguing that the soul is divided from or a composite of the parents’ souls, traducians sometimes propose a. the soul is potentially present in the seed of the man and/or the woman which is materialism or b. the soul is brought forth by the parents, which makes the parents creators in a sense.

2. Traducianism is usually believed together with a form of (Platonic) realism. This accounts for the original guilt via the numerical unity of man and the inheritance of original sin. However this cannot explain why men are only held responsible for the first sin of Adam and not his later sins or the sins of all their ancestors

3. Realism leads to problems with Christology. If human nature as a whole sinned in Adam (who at that time contained the whole of human nature) and this sin is the actual sin of every part of that human nature ‘then the conclusion cannot be escaped that the human nature of Christ was also sinful and guilty because it had actually sinned in Adam.’ (Berkhof)

Rebuttals to objections to traducianism:

1. Simplexity properly belongs to God. Shedd argues by analogy that the lighting of a second candle by the first is similar to psychical propagation. A. the potentiality may be present with but not in the seed and b. in other aspects humans in some sense are creators working with existing materials to bring forth new things. 

2. Realism is not a necessary component of traducianism but if one holds to it then it may be argued the sins of Adam and Eve before and after the fall are of a different type. Whereas before the fall sin was against the probationary statute, after they were transgressions of the moral law. Also the subsequent sins of men were not committed by the entire race in and with Adam; after propagation Adam was not the whole of the human race but only a fraction.

3. The sinless nature of Christ is not problematic if a miraculous conception is held. Shedd argues that ‘So far, then, as the guilt of Adam's sin rested upon that unindividualizcd portion of the common fallen nature of Adam assumed by the Logos, it was expiated by the one sacrifice on Calvary. The human nature of Christ was prepared for the personal union with the Logos, by being justified, as well as sanctified.’

Arguments for creationism:

1. It is more consistent with the Scriptural idea of the body being of the earth and the spirit being of God.

2. It preserves better the distinction of the immaterial nature of the soul. 

Rebuttals against creationism:

1. and 2. It is incorrect to associate propagation with materialism; it is not outside of God’s power to propagate the spirit.

Objections to creationism:

1. Creationism makes God the author of evil either a. directly by creating a soul with evil tendencies or b. by united a pure soul with a body with will inevitably corrupt it.

2. It makes the parents the progenitors of only the body of the child and limits the race of men to just the flesh. By contrast the animals reproduce after their kind. Creationism does not account for the observation that not just physical characteristics are inherited but personality traits and peculiarities which run in families, even when the parents do not raise their children.

Rebuttals to objections to creationism:

1. While this is a difficult problem, however the creationist does not regard original sin entirely as a result of inheritance. ‘The descendants of Adam are sinners, not as a result of their being brought into contact with a sinful body, but in virtue of the fact that God imputes to them the original disobedience of Adam. And it is for this reason that God withholds from them original righteousness, and the pollution of sin naturally follows.

2. God can create souls adapted to particular situations or perhaps the union with the body influences the soul. Also we are not certain the extent of the role environment plays.


Conclusion

The arguments on both sides of the debate are well-balanced and Scripture gives no clear support to either position. Perhaps Deuteronomy 29.29 speaks best to this discussion, “The secret things belong to the Lord our God, but the things that are revealed belong to us and to our children forever, that we may do all the words of this law.”


Trivia:

The word traducian has a shared root with tradition and traitor. Each of these words deals with the concept of something being handed over.


Bibliography

Berkhof, Systematic Theology

Shedd, Dogmatic Theology

Williamson, The Westminster Confession: A Study Guide

 

Further reading:

Turretin, Creationism or Traducianism?

Clark, Traducianism



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Filed under: Christology, creationism, history, imputation, inheritance, John Calvin, Louis Berkhof, Martin Luther, materialism, Origen, original sin, traducianism, William Shedd

lostmoya says...

The fact is, that the labouring classes have been long borne down, oppressed in every way by their superiors, and by the political system upheld by their superiors. They have been gradually thrust down, and trampled on, despised, driven to starvation, misery, and despair. The tendency of the whole social arrangement in England for many years has been to foster and protect the great properties at the expense of the poor and industrious. The labourer has been literally ground down to the very dust. Every law, every tax, every consequent change in manners, has been prejudicial to him. Consolidation of estates, destruction of small farms, enclosure of common lands, heavy impositions on the necessaries of life, the accursed game laws, the vexatious tyranny exercised by the rural magistracy, the canting, hypocritic interference with his few remaining pleasures under the pretence of teaching him religion and morality, form part of the list of those "unfavourable circumstances" which have made him what he is.

A timely reminder from this day in 1830 about the devastation the agricultural revolution caused to ordinary people (and the land). Ah, how times have changed...

Filed under: agriculture, archive, history, oppression, politics, revolt, social justice

The Qianmen or "Front Gate" is the common name for the gateway known formally as Zhengyangmen. It stands at the south end of the Tiananmen Square precinct, and was formerly the front gate of the Inner City, a part of the ancient city of Beijing.

First built in 1419, the gateway consisted of a gatehouse proper and an archery tower, which forms a large barbican. Today the archery tower and the gatehouse survive and it was extensively reconstructed in 1914 and incorporated modern design elements. At 42 meters high, the gatehouse was, and is, the tallest among all of the gates of Beijing.

Behind (that is, to the north of) the Qianmen once stood the Gate of China; to the northern end of the Tiananmen Square lies the famous Tiananmen Gate, and the Meridian Gate, which is the front entrance to the Forbidden City.

To the south of Qianmen Gate is Qianmen Shopping Street, while you're there take a quick trip to the underground Great Wall (bunker built during the Cold War era). 15 minutes drive from the hotel

Filed under: Beijing, China, history, Travel

waderockett says...

Flickr has created a Photo Pool to commemorate the upcoming 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. Flickr users who have photos from that period stowed away somewhere, are invited to share them.

Such a strange, strange time.

Filed under: history

inquisitives says...

 

Filed under: history, inquisitives, medblog, medicine, photoquiz