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Pelle says...

Very interesting article in New Scientist

"There is nothing specifically social about building models of the world. The brain does this when we are alone and unobserved, as it learns about the world and creates perceptions and beliefs. [...]


But what makes human social interactions so fruitful in daily life - and as a subject of study - is our ability to compare our model of the world with other people's. We know something about how the brain models the world, but we need to know a great deal more about how our brains model other people's models of the world.[...]


These shared models are often more robust and longer-lasting than the individual models. We experience them through symbols and words, which work precisely because there is general agreement about their meaning. This is how the paper and base metal we call money, for example, lets us communicate a value that can be applied to any commodity. In the right context, any object can become imbued with meaning. Just think of the collection of graphics now universally understood to indicate good humour (;-)! "


Read the full article here:
newscientist.com >> how-our-brains-build-social-worlds

Filed under: brain

Alli says...

Filed under: brain

jmo says...

...the other night while I was cooking dinner and listening to Radiolab.

(Radiolab is this amazing public radio show which makes science funny and compelling and entertaining.  If you haven't ever listened to it, check it out online or download the podcasts.  Anyway...)

This show was about numbers and math and counting.  I was kind of excited, because I always had to work harder than my peers in math classes to "get" more complex mathematical concepts.  It doesn't come naturally to me.  I tried desperately to follow along with the teacher as he or she was explaining something on the chalkboard, but their voice would morph into that Charlie Brown teacher voice, my pupils would turn into little question marks, and I'd finally give up and write novellas starring me opposite Han Solo or Frank Hardy in the margins of my notebook.  Later that night, I'd try to learn the concepts by getting the answer in the back of the book and reverse engineering it to try and figure it out.  It was exhausting and unsatisfying to someone who likes to master things.

In this episode, they interview Stanislas Dehaene who talks about his experiments with infants and the possibility that we are all born with an innate number sense.  But we aren't born knowing how to count or do math.  No.  But! We might be born knowing how to count logarithmically or perceive in ratios.  In fact, when they did studies with indigenous tribes who did not have a linear "number language", those peoples still perceive counting that way.  I'm doing a terrible job of explaining this, so just listen to the segment and prepare to be amazed and entertained.  Especially if you are a parent of a young child.

Being able to count logarithmically implies (to me) relationships between numbers, ways of visualizing what is being counted without a need for a specific math language.  I understood geometry because, hey, SHAPES.  I could SEE the relationship between math and shapes and space and objects in geometry.  Algebra, trigonometry, and calculus had me tearing my hair out in despair because I couldn't understand the "why" or "what is this related to" or "where are the shapes???".

In math, if you don't master one level, any subsequent levels will be lost to you.  It isn't enough to just get by for the test in Algebra I.  You must certainly understand Algebra I if Algebra II is to be learned properly and so on.  However, I am terrible at understanding something if I can't see the end that is being worked towards from the start. 


So, I had this math epiphany...

(This is what my nightmares look like.  Just so you know.)

I haven't thought this all the way through yet, but I'm sure that I struggle with math the way that I do learning any foreign language.  I cannot learn math OR languages by rote or lecture.  But total immersion works.  Visual learning, practical applications...all good. Easier for languages.  But how to immerse myself in algebra or trigonometry daily?  Much more challenging, but doable perhaps? 

Yes, I passed my courses long ago.  But I really want to LIKE math before I leave this earth.

Filed under: brain

Urluba says...

Windows Search Advanced Query Syntax

Once you have Windows Search for Windows Vista or Windows XP, you might be wondering how you can be even more efficient when it comes to finding files and e-mail on your PC. Advanced Query Syntax (AQS) can help you do just that. Using AQS, you can quickly define and narrow your searches for even more targeted results.

You can narrow your searches using a variety of keywords, or search parameters, which can restrict your query to specific locations, specific file types or properties within those types, or specific "file kinds." File kinds are displayed at the top of the Windows Search Explorer, accessible by pressing the Windows Logo key + F.

To match a specific string literally, without it being interpreted as a keyword, you can use double quotation marks. Words in a search query entered between quotation marks are matched exactly, in the order they were entered.

The example tables below give you an overview of syntax that can be used with Windows Search 4.0, Windows Vista, or Windows Desktop Search 3.01 for Windows XP, including the properties that can be added to your search terms to narrow and refine your results.

Search syntax

PropertyExampleFunction

author:name

author:patrick

Finds items with patrick in the author property.

author:(name)

author:(patrick hines)

Finds items with patrick in the Author property.

author:(name OR name)

author:(patrick OR bob)

Finds items with patrick or bob in the Author property.

author:name name

author:patrick bob

Finds items with patrick in the Author property and bob anywhere in the document.

from:name

from:patrick

Finds items with patrick in either fromName OR fromAddress, since "from" is a property name for both fromName and fromAddress.

before:date

before:10/9/2007

Finds items whose PrimaryDate field contains a date before 10/9/2007.

after:date

after:10/9/2007

Finds items whose PrimaryDate field contains a date after 10/9/2007.

has:attachment

report has:attachment

Finds items containing the word report that have attachments. Same as hasattachment:true

is:attachment

report is:attachment

Finds items that have attachments containing the word report. Same as isattachment:true


Numbers and ranges

To specify a date range, type the property followed by two dates. For example, type from:david sent:11/05/06..11/05/07. Windows Search recognizes all Windows date formats and also recognizes the following values:

  • Relative dates: Today, tomorrow, yesterday

  • Multi-word relative dates: week, next month, last week, past month, or coming year. The values can also be entered contracted, as follows: thisweek, nextmonth, lastweek, pastmonth, comingyear.

  • Days: Sunday, Monday ... Saturday

  • Months: January, February ... December


Size and date ranges

SyntaxResults

size:>50KB <70KB

Searches for files with a value in the Size between50 KB and 70 KB, excluding the end values.

size:>=50KB <=70KB

Searches for files with a value in the Size property between 50 KB and 70 KB, including the end values.

size:50KB..70KB

Same as size:>=50KB <=70KB

date:>2/7/05<2/10/05

Searches for a date in the Date property between the values 2/7/05 and 2/10/05, excluding the end dates.

date:>=2/7/05<=2/10/05

Searches for a date in the Date property between the values 2/7/05 and 2/10/05, including the end dates.

date:2/7/05 .. 2/10/05

Same as date:>=2/7/05<=2/10/05

Note: on Windows Vista and higher, search syntax supports dates in the user’s current calendar. A query can use any of the formats defined in their Regional Options.


Common file properties

The terms listed in the preceding table can be used with any of the following file properties. For example, to find e-mail from "patrick" that was sent in 2008, your query would look like this: kind:email author:patrick after:12/31/2007.

To restrict by file typeUseExample

Communications

communications

kind:communications

Contacts

contacts
person

kind:person
kind:contacts

E-mail

email

kind:email

Instant Messenger conversations

im

kind:im

Meetings

meetings

kind:meetings

Tasks

tasks

kind:tasks

Notes

notes

kind:notes

Documents

docs

kind:docs

Music

music
song

kind:music
kind:song

Pictures

pics
pictures

kind:pics
kind:pictures

Videos

videos

kind:videos

Folders

folders

kind:folders

Folder name

foldername

foldername:mydocs

Programs

programs

kind:programs

Recorded TV

tv

kind:tv

Link

link

kind:link

Journal entry

journal

kind:journal


To restrict by file store

If you use multiple e-mail accounts and you want to limit a query to either Microsoft Office Outlook or Outlook Express, you can use the store: indicator to narrow your search scope.

StoreUseExample

Files

file

store:file

Offline Files

csc

store:csc

Outlook

mapi

store:mapi

Outlook Express

outlookexpress

store:outlookexpress

Properties for file type: All

PropertyUseExample

Title

title, subject, about

title:manager

Status

status

status:active

Date

date

date:lastweek

Date modified

datemodified, modified

modified:lastweek

Importance

importance, priority

importance:high

Size

size

size:>50MB

Deleted

deleted,isdeleted

isdeleted:true

Is attachment

isattachment

isattachment:false

To

to, toname

to:johnsmith

Cc

cc, ccname

cc:david

Company

company

company:adventure-works

Category

category

category:business

Keywords

keywords

keywords:sports

Album

album

album:greatest

File name

filename, file

filename:2006hits

Genre

genre

genre:jazz

Author

author, by

author:david

Folder

folder, under, path

folder:adminstration

Ext

ext, fileext

ext:.rtf

Tags

tag, keyword

tag:personal

Type

type

type:image


Properties for file type: Contact

PropertyUseExample

Job title

jobtitle

jobtitle:manager

IM address

imaddress

imaddress:luis@adventure-works.com

Assistant's phone

assistantsphone

assistantsphone:555-1212

Assistant name

assistantname

assistantname:roberto

Profession

profession

profession:accountant

Nickname

nickname

nickname:louis

Spouse

spouse

spouse:susana

Business city

businesscity

businesscity:redmond

Business postal code

businesspostalcode

businesspostalcode:98052

Business home page

businesshomepage

businesshomepage:www.adventure-works.com

Callback phone number

callbacknumber

callbacknumber:882-8080

Car phone

carphone

carphone:555-1212

Children

children

children:anna

First name

firstname

firstname:maria

Last name

lastname

lastname

Home fax

homefax

homefax:555-1212

Manager's name

manager

manager:carlos

Pager

pager

pager:882-8080

Business phone

businessphone

businessphone:555-1212

Home phone

homephone

homephone:555-1212

Mobile phone

mobilephone

mobilephone:882-8080

Office

officelocation

officelocation:red/101

Anniversary

anniversary

anniversary:yesterday

Birthday

birthday

birthday:tomorrow


Properties for file type: Communications (e-mail, appointments)

PropertyUseExample

From

from, organizer

from:simon

Received

received, sent

sent:yesterday

Subject

subject, title

subject:budget

Has attachment

hasattachment, hasattachments

hasattachment:true

Attachments

attachments, attachment

attachment:presentation.ppt

Bcc

bcc, bccname

bcc:michael

Bcc address

bccaddress, bcc

bccaddress:mike@contoso.com

Cc address

ccaddress, cc

ccaddress:mike@contoso.com

Follow-up flag

flagstatus
flagstatus:followup

flagstatus:unflagged
flagstatus:completed

To address

toaddress, to

toaddress:mike@contoso.com

Due date

duedate, due

due:10/15/2008

Read

read, isread

isread:false

Is completed

iscompleted

iscompleted:true

Incomplete

incomplete

incomplete:true

Has flag

hasflag, isflagged

hasflag:false

Duration

duration

duration:>120


Properties for file type: Calendar

PropertyUseExample

Recurring

isrecurring
recurring

isrecurring:true
recurring:true

Organizer

organizer, by, from

organizer:jonas

Location

location

location:calgary


Properties for file type: Documents

PropertyUseExample

Comments

comments

comments:excellent

Last saved by

lastsavedby

lastsavedby:josh

Document manager

documentmanager

documentmanager:jonas

Revision number

revisionnumber

revisionnumber:4a

Date last printed

datelastprinted

datelastprinted:yesterday

Slide count

slides

slides:>20


Properties for file type: Music

PropertyUseExample

Bit rate

bitrate

bitrate:>150kbps

Artist

artist, by

artist:U2

Year

year

year:1977..1987

Album

album

album:"greatest hits"

Genre

genre

genre:rock

Lyrics

lyrics

lyrics:"happy birthday to you"

Track

#, track

track:12

Year

year

year:>1980<1990


Properties for file type: Picture

PropertyUseExample

Camera make

cameramake

cameramake:nikon

Camera model

cameramodel

cameramodel:eclipse

Dimensions

dimensions

dimensions:8x10

Orientation

orientation

orientation:landscape

imgimgimgimg

Filed under: brain

Filed under: brain

Abracadabran says...

Barry Komisaruk, Professor of Psychology, Rutgers University

The relation between the mind and sexual response is still fertile ground for investigation.

Filed under: brain

Zach says...

For where?Image by Fr Antunes via Flickr

Dear God, please confirm what I already believe

God may have created man in his image, but it seems we return the favour. Believers subconsciously endow God with their own beliefs on controversial issues.

"Intuiting God's beliefs on important issues may not produce an independent guide, but may instead serve as an echo chamber to validate and justify one's own beliefs," writes a team led by Nicholas Epley of the University of Chicago in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

The researchers started by asking volunteers who said they believe in God to give their own views on controversial topics, such as abortion and the death penalty. They also asked what the volunteers thought were the views of God, average Americans and public figures such as Bill Gates. Volunteers' own beliefs corresponded most strongly with those they attributed to God.

Next, the team asked another group of volunteers to undertake tasks designed to soften their existing views, such as preparing speeches on the death penalty in which they had to take the opposite view to their own. They found that this led to shifts in the beliefs attributed to God, but not in those attributed to other people.

Moral compass

"People may use religious agents as a moral compass, forming impressions and making decisions based on what they presume God as the ultimate moral authority would believe or want," the team write. "The central feature of a compass, however, is that it points north no matter what direction a person is facing. This research suggests that, unlike an actual compass, inferences about God's beliefs may instead point people further in whatever direction they are already facing."

"The experiments in which we manipulate people's own beliefs are the most compelling evidence we have to show that people's own beliefs influence what they think God believes more substantially than it influences what they think other people believe," says Epley.

Finally, the team used fMRI to scan the brains of volunteers while they contemplated the beliefs of themselves, God or "average Americans". In all the experiments the volunteers professed beliefs in an Abrahamic God. The majority were Christian.

In the first two cases, similar parts of the brain were active. When asked to contemplate other Americans' beliefs, however, an area of the brain used for inferring other people's mental states was active. This implies that people map God's beliefs onto their own.

Imagination link

Other researchers say the findings reinforce earlier studies suggesting that thinking about God is intimately linked to the imagination.

These experiments "support previous findings that representations of God seem intimately related to the self, also in terms of brain function", says Uffe Schjødt of Aarhus University in Denmark, whose research published earlier this year showed that praying uses similar brain regions as talking to a friend.

"These findings help explain why supernatural religious agents are often attributed a physical form and issue edicts that resemble the social practices of the culture from which they emerge," says Jordan Grafman of the US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke in Bethesda, Maryland, whose team earlier this year linked emergence of religion with the development of "theory of mind", the capacity to recognise that other living things have independent thought and intentions.

Journal reference: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0908374106 (in press)

If you would like to reuse any content from New Scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. New Scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to.

 

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Filed under: Brain

jmo says...

I've been sick for days at this point.  Boredom set in long ago.  When I breathe, I squeak.  Sometimes I wheeze.  Or crackle.  None of this is good.

Today, I've been watching the live shaving of H.M.'s brain now that it has been donated to science.  Most people think of space or the deep ocean as a yet unexplored frontier that beckons.  The rest of us?  Dig brains.

(You can say the word "brains" in that sentence like a zombie and it sounds more exciting than the nerdy fascination it actually is. Try it.  Brrrrraaaaaaaiiiiiiiiiiiinnnnnnnnssssss.  See?)

Stop grossing out.  It's SCIENCE.

Brain shaving via Metafilter

Filed under: brain

Pelle says...


Andrew Newburg of U Penn writes about his trick to hack the brain.

"Go ahead: Laugh if you want (though you’ll benefit your brain more if you smile), but in my professional opinion, yawning is one of the best-kept secrets in neuroscience.
[...]
Dogs yawn before attacking, Olympic athletes yawn before performing, and fish yawn before they change activities. Evidence even exists that yawning helps individuals on military assignment perform their tasks with greater accuracy and ease. Indeed, yawning may be one of the most important mechanisms for regulating the survival-related behaviors in mammals. So if you want to maintain an optimally healthy brain, it is essential that you yawn.
[...]
My advice is simple. Yawn as many times a day as possible: when you wake up, when you’re confronting a difficult problem at work, when you prepare to go to sleep, and whenever you feel anger, anxiety, or stress. Yawn before giving an important talk, yawn before you take a test"

Read the full article:
UPenn - Yawn

Filed under: brain


neurons

>Neurologist Dr Robyn Strauss is the guest author of this post on Liz Strauss' http://www.successful-blog.com.

She explains how blogging stimulates neural activity, which is good for brain, body and society. Quoting statistics, she argues that bloggers actually expand their face-to-face social activity thanks to their online adventures.

Thinking about the blogs I have come across, the majority have had a positive influence on the bloggers, and in some cases the impact on their lives was profound.

Will Richardson, in his book Blogs, Wikis, Podcasts, and Other Powerful Web Tools for Classrooms, distinguishes different levels of blogging, where "true" blogging consists of higher-order, critical evaluation and synthesis of various hyperlinked materials, including previous blogposts of the author and others.

Say what you like, blogging is not making us stupid.

Filed under: brain